Preheat oven to 180°C/350°F. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour, brown sugar, cinnamon and salt. Add the butter and toss with your fingertips to coat in the flour. Using your fingertips, work the butter into the flour mixture until no visible pieces of butter remain.
Stir in the almonds and refrigerate until ready to use.
In a large mixing bowl, add the apples, brown sugar, flour, lemon juice, cinnamon, cardamom, allspice and clove. Stir until thoroughly combined.
Pour the filling into a 20cm (8in) square (or similarly sized oval or circular) baking dish. Remove the topping from the refrigerator and scatter it evenly atop the filling.
Set the dish on top of a rimmed baking sheet and move to the oven. Bake until the filling is bubbling, fragrant and the topping is golden brown - about 40-50 minutes. Allow to cool for 5-10 minutes before serving - preferably topped with vanilla ice cream.